Advanced Systems and Methods for Measuring Mutual Inductance of Area of Influence

ABSTRACT

Soil moisture monitoring systems and methods for measuring mutual inductance of area of influence using radio frequency stimulus are disclosed herein. An example device includes a master element stacked vertically on top of one or more slave elements. The master element and slave elements can communicate through a 1-wire bus configuration. The master element can determine the presence and location of each of the one or more slave elements using an auto-discovery process. The master element can issue commands to the one or more slave elements to obtain moisture readings and/or temperature readings.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present continuation application claims the priority benefit of U.S.Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 17/210,396, filed on Mar. 23, 2021which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/994,452,filed on Aug. 14, 2020, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 15/867,594,filed on Jan. 10, 2018, which claims the benefit and priority of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/446,272, filed on Jan. 13, 2017,each of which are hereby incorporated by reference including allappendices cited therein, for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to soil moisture monitoring. Somenon-limiting embodiments comprise one or more moisture sensor circuitsthat are placed into the soil at varying depths. The one or moremoisture sensor circuits can include a master element and one or moreslave elements.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to device having ahousing that encloses: a master element having: a first oscillator andinductor circuit for emitting a first inductance frequency and a secondinductance frequency, the first oscillator and inductor circuit beingcoupled to a first antenna; a CPU (central processing unit) coupled tothe first oscillator and inductor circuit; and an analog bus; and afirst slave element having: a second oscillator and inductor circuit foremitting a first inductance frequency and a second inductance frequency,the second oscillator and inductor circuit being coupled to a secondantenna; a CPU (central processing unit) coupled to the secondoscillator and inductor circuit; an upstream analog bus coupled to theanalog bus of the master element; and a downstream analog bus configuredto couple with another downstream slave element.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to method includingwaking a master element of a soil analysis device; outputting a firstsignal or pulse to a first downstream slave element connected to themaster element through an analog bus; receiving a response signal orpulse from the first downstream slave element; transmitting a uniqueidentifier downstream to the first downstream slave element; outputting,by the first downstream slave element, a second signal or pulse to asecond downstream slave element connected to the first downstream slaveelement through a downstream analog bus; receiving a response signal orpulse from the second downstream slave element; and transmitting aunique identifier downstream to the second downstream slave element;transmitting, by the master element, a command to either of the firstdownstream slave element or the second downstream slave element; andreceiving a moisture signal and a temperature signal from either of thefirst downstream slave element or the second downstream slave elementbased on the command.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a soil moisturemonitor device. In some embodiments the soil moisture monitor deviceincludes: a first oscillator circuit coupled with one or more referenceinductors to emit a first inductance frequency; a second oscillatorcircuit coupled with one or more mutual inductors to emit a firstinductance frequency into an area of soil; a microcontrollerelectrically coupled to the first oscillator circuit and the secondoscillator circuit; and a housing positioned within the area of soil,the housing comprising an inner tubular substrate that receives the oneor more reference inductors, the one or more mutual inductors, the firstoscillator circuit, the second oscillator circuit, and themicrocontroller. In some embodiments, the microcontroller is configuredto: obtain a first inductance frequency sample using the one or morereference inductors; obtain a second inductance frequency sample usingthe one or more mutual inductor; obtain a temperature reading from athermometer; and transmit the first inductance frequency sample, thesecond inductance frequency sample, and the temperature reading to areceiver.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a soil moisturemonitor method. In some embodiments the soil moisture monitor methodincludes: receiving a first inductance frequency sample from a firstoscillator circuit, the first oscillator circuit being coupled with oneor more reference inductors that sense a reference inductance; receivinga second inductance frequency sample from a second oscillator circuit,the second oscillator circuit being coupled with one or more mutualinductors that sense soil moisture inductance in an area of soil. Insome embodiments the soil moisture monitor method includes receiving atemperature reading from a thermometer, the temperature reading beingobtained when the first inductance frequency sample and the secondinductance frequency sample were obtained; and transmitting the firstinductance frequency sample, the second inductance frequency sample, andthe temperature reading to a receiver.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a soil moisturemonitoring system comprising: a power supply; a time divisionmultiplexer communicatively coupled via a bus to the power supply; amicrocontroller communicatively coupled to the time divisionmultiplexer, the microcontroller housed within a housing such as a pvcpipe; an upper oscillator communicatively coupled to themicrocontroller, the upper oscillator within the pvc pipe; an upperinternal inductor communicatively coupled to the upper oscillator, theupper internal inductor within the pvc pipe; an upper external inductorfurther comprising an antenna communicatively coupled to the upperoscillator, the upper external inductor and the antenna within the pvcpipe; a lower oscillator communicatively coupled to the microcontroller,the lower oscillator within the pvc pipe; a lower internal inductorcommunicatively coupled to the lower oscillator, the lower internalinductor within the pvc pipe; a lower external inductor furthercomprising an antenna communicatively coupled to the lower oscillator,the lower external inductor and the antenna within the pvc pipe; and athermometer communicatively coupled to the microcontroller, thethermometer within the pvc pipe.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a soil moisturemonitoring method. In some embodiments the soil moisture monitoringmethod includes: transmitting power to a time division multiplexer;transmitting power from the time division multiplexer to amicrocontroller; transmitting identifying information from themicrocontroller via a bus to the time division multiplexer; transmittingpower from the microcontroller to an oscillator; transmitting power fromthe oscillator to an internal inductor, the internal inductor not inproximity to soil or soil moisture; transmitting a frequency by theoscillator for a predefined time period as provided by themicrocontroller; counting by the internal inductor for the predefinedtime period a number of reference pulses; turning off the power to theoscillator after the predefined time period; switching a circuit fromthe internal inductor to an external inductor and antenna in proximityto soil or soil moisture; determining a current soil temperature by athermometer; turning on the power to the oscillator; waiting for theoscillator to settle; transmitting a frequency by the oscillator for apredefined time period as provided by the microcontroller; counting bythe external inductor for the predefined time period a number of soilmoisture pulses (inductance of soil); turning off the power to theoscillator; repeating the above steps for a lower second circuit;transmitting for both circuits the reference pulses, the current soiltemperatures and the soil moisture pulses via a bus to an externalmemory; and turning off the power from the time division multiplexer tothe microcontroller. Some methods include applying a temperaturecompensation factor to a difference of the reference pulse and the soilmoisture pulse for each circuit in order to determine a volumetric watercontent. Some methods include temperature compensation factor that isbased on the oscillator performance varying with soil temperature. Insome embodiments the frequency used by the one or more oscillators isabove 30 megahertz.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

While this technology is susceptible of embodiment in many differentforms, there is illustrated in the drawings, and will herein bedescribed in detail, several specific embodiments with the understandingthat the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification ofthe principles of the technology and is not intended to limit thetechnology to the embodiments illustrated.

It will be understood that like or analogous elements and/or components,referred to herein, may be identified throughout the drawings with likereference characters. It is further understood that several of thefigures are merely schematic representations of the present technology.As such, some of the components may be distorted from their actual scalefor pictorial clarity.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example device that comprises aplurality of soil moisture sensors, constructed in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of an example soil moisture sensorcircuit used in a soil moisture sensor of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2B is a close up of the schematic diagram of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an example bi-junction transistor of asoil moisture sensor circuit of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an example tetrode MOSFET of the soilmoisture sensor circuit of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of another example soil moisture sensorcircuit used in a soil moisture sensor of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an example method of sensing soil moisturecontent in an area of soil using one or more of the soil moisturesensing devices of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an example soil analysis device of thepresent disclosure having both master and slave elements (sensorcircuits).

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of an example auto-discovery method of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 9 is a plan view of an example antenna for use in variousembodiments.

FIG. 10 is a schematic circuit diagram for a master element of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a schematic circuit diagram for a slave element of thepresent disclosure.

FIGS. 12 and 13 collectively depict conductive mechanical interfaces forcoupling elements of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The exemplary embodiments provided herein are for use in irrigationagriculture, particularly permanent crops. More specifically, theexemplary embodiments comprise a system and method for accuratelymeasuring the volumetric water content of soil using a cost effectiveapparatus.

For context, of the principal ways that farmers manage their irrigationis with soil moisture sensors. In brief, plants uptake their water fromthe soil through their root structure. Their ability to do so isimpacted by the amount of water in the soil, the soil tension, and thesuction force needed by the roots to absorb water.

Other sensor designs have emulated the root of a plant, and measure thewater tension in the soil. These are known as tensiometers. There aresensors that look like forks that have two parallel probes about an inchapart and measure the capacitance between the probes. This is calibratedto the amount of moisture, and the calibration is dependent on the soiltype that the probe measures. There are probes that use gymsum blocksthat absorb water, and as these sensors absorb water their resistancereduces changes in a manner that is correlated to the amount of waterabsorbed. These probes have a short lifespan, as the process ofabsorbing moisture causes them to deteriorate. Further, theirinstallation takes weeks before readings are meaningful.

Liquid sensing using radio frequency techniques is a known mechanism inindustrial settings. One such reference would be: Liquid Sensing atRadio Frequencies, Complex impedance measurement of liquid samples as afunction of frequency, Microwave Journal, Thomas J. Warnagiris, Sep. 1,2000.

Until now, complete soil moisture sensors have not been produced in amanner that are effective for agriculture, using radio frequencysensing, that are low power, easy to install, and can measure largevolumes of soil accurately.

The systems and methods provided herein include a soil moisture sensorthat is highly accurate, measures a larger volume of influence thanother sensors, easy to install, and operates without soil specificcalibration requirements.

Soil moisture sensors disclosed herein rely on the Van der Waals bondingproperties of water, which describes the force between the permanentdipole of a water molecule and the induced dipole from a radio frequencystimulus (known as the Debye force). When a radio frequency pulsestimulates water, it will move. The more water there is, the harder itis for the same power level to cause the water to move—so there is ahigher effective electrical impedance.

The exemplary systems and methods provided herein measure the inductanceof the soil by mutually coupling an inductor(s) in the sensor to thesoil, and including that mutual inductance as part of a tank circuit inan oscillator.

Example oscillator circuits also have a reference inductance that can beswitched into the oscillator circuit as an alternative inductor. Thefrequency is measured for the two configurations of the oscillator (onewith the inductor that is mutually coupled to the soil moisture, and thesecond configuration of an internal inductor). The difference of the twofrequencies corresponds to the moisture content of the soil beingmeasured.

According to various exemplary embodiments, the sensor system is hostedby a head-end that may be connected either directly to a computer formaking measurements, or connected to a mesh or cellular radiocontroller. Either of these intelligent devices power on the sensor, andthe sensor responds with measurements for both a calibration (internal)frequency, and a frequency that corresponds to the inductance of thesoil being measured, and the temperature of the sensor.

In various exemplary embodiments, the soil moisture sensor is controlledby a microcontroller. When powered, the microcontroller wakes up,selects an internal inductance frequency, and powers on theoscillator(s). After waiting for a settling period for the oscillator(s)to stabilize, the frequency is read by an internal counter. Settlingperiods are not required for every embodiment.

Then the power for the oscillator circuit is turned off, the sensormutual inductor is selected, and the power for the oscillator isre-enabled. Also, power cycling of oscillators is not required in everyembodiment.

After a settling period, the frequency is again sampled by themicro-controller. Then the oscillator is powered-off. The temperature isread with a digital thermometer. These results are then sent by themicrocontroller over a serial link to the host computer (e.g.,receiver). One example of such a communications link can be a sharedRS-232 interface.

If there are multiple sensors installed into a larger system, each ofthe controllers wake up at different times, identified by a controllerID programmed in the non-volatile memory, and share the same power,ground, and serial communication signals. The communication signals areenabled by each microcontroller in a time-division manner based ondevice ID.

The host controller, according to various exemplary embodiments, caneither apply the needed algorithms to convert the sensor counter values,and the temperature to the volumetric water content, or it may select totransmit this information this to a server for later processing in asimilar manner.

The sensor requires knowing the difference in frequency between the twoinductors sampled, and also the temperature of the sensor when themeasurements were taken. By calibrating the values of the frequencies inboth air, and fully saturated water for each sensor—one can calculatethe moisture content by linearly interpolating the frequency changebased on moisture content. As the oscillator is known to change itsfrequencies due to temperature, a further adjustment is applied,commonly known as a temperature compensation.

Using the exemplary procedures described herein, the sensor has beendemonstrated to accurately measure the moisture content, independent ofmaterial the moisture is suspended in, with an R-squared correlation of0.92 or better.

The exemplary soil moisture sensor includes a hand wound center-tapsensor inductor, that couples with soil moisture, with a characteristicinductance of 1.4 uH, 18 gauge solid copper wire wound on a half inchSharkBite PEX Tubing with Oxygen Barrier, inserted into a three quarterinch diameter PVC pipe.

FIG. 1 is an example soil moisture device 100 constructed in accordancewith the present disclosure. In various embodiments, the device 100comprises an outer tubular housing 102 and an inner tubular substrate104. In some embodiments, sensor units of the device 100 are mounted onan outer surface of the inner tubular substrate 104. The inner tubularsubstrate 104 can be inserted into an outer tubular housing.

In some embodiments, the sensor unit comprises a two or more antennas,such as antenna patch 106 and antenna patch 108 mounted on an outersurface of the inner tubular substrate 104. A soil moisture sensorcircuit (sensor circuit 110) is positioned between and in electricalcommunication with the antenna patches 106 and 108 (also see FIG. 2A).In accordance with the present disclosure, several sets of sensor units,each comprising two antennas and a sensor circuit are located along theouter surface of the inner tubular substrate 104. Each of these sensorunits can be addressed using a unique identifier.

It will be understood that the antenna patches 106 and 108 function asinductors, and thus, in some descriptions the terms antenna and inductormay be used interchangeably. In some embodiments, each antenna patch cancomprise one or more individual antenna elements. In one or moreembodiments, each antenna patch comprises at least two antenna elements.

In various embodiments, antennas can be referred to as either an upperor lower antenna (or upper/lower inductors). In general, the designationof upper or lower relates to a position of device 100 when located inthe soil. For example, antenna patch 106 is an upper inductor andantenna patch 108 is a lower inductor when the device 100 is insertedinto the soil. The upper inductor will be used to sense a referenceinductance and the lower inductor will be used to sense a soil moistureinductance.

The device 100 can communicate with both a receiver 111 as well as anirrigation controller 115 in some embodiments. The device 100 cancontrol operations of the irrigation controller 115 directly orindirectly through the receiver 111. In some embodiments, the receiver111 can comprise a server in an irrigation control system.Alternatively, the receiver can include any device that is configured toreceive, transmit and/or process the messages generated by a sensorcircuit 110 of the device 100. In some embodiments, the device 100 canbe coupled to the irrigation controller using a cable C, the cable canbe wrapped in a sheath of a metal fabric to deter rodents or preventcutting of the cable.

As illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the sensor circuit 110 of FIG. 1comprises one or more transistor circuits 112A and/or 112B, amicrocontroller 114 (e.g., programmable interface circuit or PIC), adigital power supply 116, a transceiver 118, and a temperature sensor120. In general, FIG. 2A is a macro-schematic diagram of the sensorcircuit 110 and FIG. 2B is a detailed schematic diagram of the sensorcircuit 110 of FIG. 2A.

Referring to FIGS. 1-2B, the sensor circuit 110 can communicate with areceiver 111 (see FIG. 1 ) over a network connection 113, which cancomprise a direct connection through a cellular network or indirectconnection through a mesh network of other sensors. The sensor circuit110 can also comprise a head-end that is connected either directly to acomputer for making measurements, or connected to a mesh or cellularradio controller. Any of these devices such as a head-end or receivercan power on the sensor circuit 110, and the sensor circuit 110 respondswith measurements for both a calibration (internal) frequency, and afrequency that corresponds to the inductance of the soil as measured, aswell as a temperature of the sensor.

In various embodiments, the sensor circuit 110 can be used toselectively adjust irrigation in the area of soil that it is measuring.This can be accomplished through control of automatic pump and/or valveactuators and transducers. For example, when a soil moisture content iscalculated that indicates that the area of soil has a moisture contentthat is below an expected moisture threshold, the sensor circuit 110 canbe configured to transmit a signal that selectively adjust pumps and/orvalves of an irrigation system to increase and/or decrease the flow ofwater to an area of soil. An example irrigation controller 115 (e.g., asprinkler controller) can be controlled using the sensor circuit 110 orotherwise by the receiver 111.

Thus, the microcontroller can be configured to use moisture thresholds.In other embodiments, the receiver utilizes moisture thresholds andperforms moisture content comparisons to these thresholds.

Thus, the microcontroller can selectively adjust operation of anirrigation system through direct or indirect control of automatic pumpand/or valve actuators and transducers.

FIG. 2B also includes a detailed view of a digital section of the sensorcircuit 110. In some embodiments, a digital section of the sensorcircuit 110 that comprises the microcontroller 114, the digital powersupply 116, the transceiver 118, and the temperature sensor 120 can alsofurther comprise a board ID module that provides a unique device ID thatis used to identify and address messages to the sensor circuit 110 on anetwork. The digital section can also comprise a programming and consoleheader 124 that provides an interface that allows external devices tointeract with the microcontroller 114 for programming instructions intothe microcontroller 114. The programming and console header 124 alsoprovides an interface to a digital monitor or user interface, such as ascreen or touchscreen device.

In some embodiments, the transceiver 118 comprises an RS422 protocolhalf-duplex transceiver, although other transceivers and protocols canalso likewise be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure.

In general, the transistor circuit selected for the sensor circuit 110can comprise either a bi-junction transistor (BJT) or a tetrodetransistor, such as a MOSFET tetrode. In embodiments where a BJT isused, the BJT implements two oscillators, which each couple to one ofthe antenna patches 106 and 108. In embodiments where a tetrodetransistor is used the tetrode transistor implements two oscillators,which each couple to one of the antenna patches 106 and 108.

FIGS. 1-3 collectively illustrate a transistor circuit 112A in the formof a bi-junction transistor circuit (BJT 200). The BJT 200 comprises alow noise oscillator power supply 202, a first oscillator 204 coupledwith an upper antenna, such as antenna patch 106 (see FIG. 1 ), and asecond oscillator 206, coupled with a lower antenna, such as antennapatch 108 (see FIG. 1 ).

A first alternating current (AC) comparator 208 counts pulses in a firstinductor frequency sample, based on signals received from the firstoscillator 204 using the antenna patch 106. In general, the firstoscillator 204 will produce a signal with a selected frequency throughthe antenna patch 106. This signal is produced over a predefined timeperiod as provided by the microcontroller 114.

A second alternating current (AC) comparator 210 counts pulses of asecond inductor frequency sample, based on signals received from thesecond oscillator 206 using the antenna patch 108. In general, thesecond oscillator 206 will produce a signal with a selected frequencythrough the antenna patch 108. This signal is produced over a predefinedtime period as provided by the microcontroller 114 (see FIG. 2A).

In some embodiments, the antenna patch 106 is utilized to sense areference inductance and antenna patch 108 is utilized to sense soilmoisture inductance. It will be understood that the first inductorfrequency sample is a reference inductance signal. The second inductorfrequency sample is indicative of an inductance of water in the soil.

Pulses from the second oscillator 206 are counted by the secondalternating current (AC) comparator 210 are referred to as soil moisturepulses, which are indicative of an inductance of the soil.

This soil moisture inductance can be compared with the referenceinductance to determine a water content measurement for the soil. Insome embodiments, additional processing is performed to further refinethe water content measurement to account for temperature effects on theoscillators and so forth.

The outputs of both the first alternating current (AC) comparator 208and the second alternating current (AC) comparator 210 are provided tothe microcontroller 114.

FIGS. 1, 2, and 4 collectively illustrate the transistor circuit 112B inthe form of a transistor tetrode or MOSFET tetrode circuit 300. Thecircuit 300 comprises a low noise oscillator power supply 302, a firstoscillator 304 coupled with an upper antenna, such as antenna patch 106(see FIGS. 1 and 2A), and a second oscillator 306, coupled with a lowerantenna, such as antenna patch 108. Another low noise oscillator powersupply is coupled to the second oscillator 306.

A first alternating current (AC) comparator 308 counts pulses in a firstinductor frequency sample, based on signals received from the firstoscillator 304 using antenna patch 106. A second alternating current(AC) comparator 310 counts a second inductor frequency to create asecond inductor frequency sample, based on signals received from thesecond oscillator 306 using antenna patch 108. The outputs of both thefirst alternating current (AC) comparator 308 and the second alternatingcurrent (AC) comparator 310 are provided to the microcontroller 114.

Similarly to the BJT disclosed above, the antenna patch 106 is utilizedto sense a reference inductance and antenna patch 108 is utilized tosense moisture inductance in the soil.

It will be understood that the first inductor frequency sample is areference inductance signal. The second inductor frequency sample isindicative of an inductance of water the soil. These two inductances canbe compared with one another to determine a water content measurementfor the soil. In some embodiments, additional processing is performed tofurther refine the comparative water content measurement to account fortemperature effects on the oscillators and so forth.

Regardless of the transistor circuit used, the first and secondcomparators will output pulse counts to the microcontroller 114. Themicrocontroller 114 also obtains a temperature reading from thetemperature sensor 120. The microcontroller 114 then transmits the pulsecounts and the temperature reading on the transceiver to the receiver111.

In some embodiments, rather than receiving pulse counts, such asreference pulse counts and soil moisture pulse counts, themicrocontroller 114 can receive the first inductor frequency sample andthe second inductor frequency sample. Thus, some embodiments may notrequire comparators. The microcontroller 114 can utilize an internalcounter to count pulses in the first inductor frequency sample andpulses in the second inductor frequency sample.

In some embodiments, the sensor circuit 110 comprises both thebi-junction transistor (BJT) circuit 200 and the MOSFET tetrode circuit300. In various embodiments, the microcontroller 114 selectively useseither the bi-junction transistor (BJT) circuit 200 or the MOSFETtetrode circuit 300. In other embodiments, either the bi-junctiontransistor (BJT) circuit 200 or the MOSFET tetrode circuit 300 can beremoved from the sensor circuit 110 before deployment. This allows thesensor circuit 110 to be manufactured with both configurations oftransistor circuits to reduce manufacturing cost.

The following use case description is from the perspective of the sensorcircuit 110 using the BJT 200 of FIG. 3 in view of the schematics of thesensor circuit of FIGS. 2A and 2B. The microcontroller 114 can activatethe first oscillator 204, which utilizes the antenna patch 106 to obtaina first inductor frequency sample. The oscillator 204 is powered by thelow noise oscillator power supply 202. This sample is processed usingthe first alternating current (AC) comparator 208. The first alternatingcurrent (AC) comparator 208 counts pulses in the sample. These pulsesare referred to as the reference inductance or reference pulses. In someinstances, these pulses are counted over a specified period of time.

The oscillator 206 is powered by the low noise oscillator power supply202. This sample is processed using the second alternating current (AC)comparator 210. The second alternating current (AC) comparator 210counts pulses in the sample. These pulses are referred to as the soilmoisture inductance or soil moisture pulses. In some instances, thesepulses are counted over a specified period of time. This period of timecan correspond in duration to the period of time when the referenceinductance or reference pulses were counted.

In some embodiments, both the first oscillator 204 and the secondoscillator 206 emit signals at the same frequency. In some instances,this shared frequency is above approximately 30 megahertz. Themicrocontroller 114 can select the frequency in some embodiments. Also,a time period for operation of the oscillators can be selected throughthe microcontroller 114.

The reference pulses and soil moisture pulses can be transmitted in araw format to a receiver 111 by the microcontroller 114 over a wired orwireless link. In other instances, the comparison between the referencepulses and soil moisture pulses is determined and transmitted to thereceiver 111 by the microcontroller 114.

In some embodiments, the microcontroller 114 can utilize stabilizationperiods for the oscillators. For example, prior to sensing inductanceusing the antennas, the microcontroller 114 will power the oscillatorsand wait for a period of time, referred to as a settling period. Afterthe settling period has expired, inductance signals can be obtained. Insome embodiments, these settling periods are not utilized.

In one or more embodiments, the microcontroller 114 can operate theoscillators 204 and 206 in a sequential manner, where referenceinductance signals are obtained first and then soil moisture inductancesignals are received after. In other embodiments, the oscillators areused in parallel.

In some embodiments, the microcontroller 114 is configured topost-process the reference pulses and soil moisture pulses. Again, asnoted above, this post-processing can include performing comparativeevaluations where a differential between the reference pulses and soilmoisture pulses is determined. This differential value is representativeof the moisture content in the soil.

The microcontroller 114 is programmed to either: (1) perform algorithmicprocessing to convert the sensor counter values (e.g., reference andsoil moisture pulses) and temperature measurement to a volumetric watercontent value; and/or (2) transmit the sensor counter values to thereceiver 111, where the receiver 111 performs these calculations.

The microcontroller 114 can thus determine a difference in pulsefrequency between the two inductors sampled, along with the temperatureof the sensor at a point in time when the two inductors sampled. Bycalibrating the values of the frequencies in both air, and fullysaturated water for each sensor—one can calculate the moisture contentby linearly interpolating the frequency change based on moisturecontent. As the oscillators change frequencies due to temperature, afurther adjustment is applied, commonly known as temperaturecompensation.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of another example soil moisture sensorcircuit (sensor circuit 500) that can be utilized in accordance with thepresent disclosure. In general, the sensor circuit 500 will utilize asingle oscillator or tank circuit for two or more antennas. Thisconfiguration is in contrast with the embodiments of FIGS. 1-4 whichutilized a separate oscillator for each antenna. In accordance, thesensor circuit 500 comprises a multiplexer that receives signals fromthe two or more antennas.

In more detail, the sensor circuit 500 comprises a microcontroller 502,a transceiver 504, an oscillator 506, a comparator 508, a multiplexingand switching module 510, and temperature sensor 512. Additionalcomponents or modules include a voltage switcher 514, a linear dropoutregulator 516, a programming interface, and a power switch.

In some embodiments, the transceiver 504 receives signals or messagefrom the microcontroller 502 such as frequency inductance samples,sample counts, soil moisture values (compensated and/or raw values),temperature readings, and so forth. As with other embodiments, thesesignals or messages can be transmitted to a receiver (not shown) such asa server or base station.

The oscillator 506 can comprise a bi-junction transistor in someinstances. The oscillator 506 is configured to generate signals at aparticular frequency. These signals are transmitted to two sets ofantennas. For example, the oscillator 506 is electrically andcommunicatively coupled to a first set of internal inductors 520A and520B and a second set of external or mutual inductors 522A and 522B. Theoscillator 506 is coupled to the antennas through a multiplexer 524 ofthe multiplexing and switching module 510. To be sure, the componentsdesignated as antennas/inductors are identified on the diagram of FIG. 5as line interfaces that connect the antenna patches to multiplexer 524.

In some embodiments, the first set of internal inductors 520A and 520Bare utilized to obtain signals that are indicative of a referenceinductance and the second set of external or mutual inductors 522A and522B are used to obtain signals that are indicative of a soil moistureinductance.

The oscillator 506 can transmit a selected frequency to the first set ofinternal inductors 520A and 520B over a period of time to generate afirst inductance sample. The oscillator 506 can transmit a selectedfrequency to the second set of external or mutual inductors 522A and522B over a period of time to generate a second inductance sample. Thesesamples are received and then multiplexed at the multiplexer 524 andthen transmitted to the comparator 508.

As with the embodiments of FIGS. 1-4 , the comparator 508 is used tocount pulses in the samples received from the multiplexer 524. Thesepulse counts are indicative of reference inductance and soil moistureinductance.

After the pulse counts are obtained by the comparator 508, the pulsecounts are transmitted by the comparator 508 to the microcontroller 502.As with the embodiments of FIGS. 1-4 , the microcontroller 502 canperform various soil moisture calculations on the pulse counts in orderto obtain a soil moisture content value. This can include compensatingfor the reference inductance, as well as temperature variations. Thus,in some embodiments, the microcontroller 502 can obtain temperaturereadings from the temperature sensor 512 over the period of time whensamples were obtained.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an example method of the present disclosure.The method of FIG. 6 will be understood to be executed by themicrocontroller of a sensor of the present disclosure. Specifically, themethod of FIG. 6 is performed within the context of the sensor circuit,such as the sensor circuit of the embodiments of FIGS. 1-4 .

In some embodiments, the method includes a step 602 of receiving a firstinductance frequency sample from a first oscillator circuit. As notedabove, the first oscillator circuit is coupled with one or morereference inductors that sense a reference inductance. These referenceinductors can include patch antennas or other similar antennas.

In various embodiments, the method includes a step 604 of receiving asecond inductance frequency sample from a second oscillator circuit.Again, the second oscillator circuit is coupled with one or more mutualinductors that sense soil moisture inductance in an area of soil.

In one or more embodiments, the method includes a step 606 receiving atemperature reading from a thermometer. The temperature reading isobtained by a microcontroller during periods of time when the firstinductance frequency sample and the second inductance frequency samplewere obtained. These time periods can include the same time period whenthe first and second samples are obtained at the same time. In otherinstances the periods of time are distinct, such as when the firstinductance frequency sample and the second inductance frequency sampleare obtained at different times.

In some embodiments, the method includes a step 608 of transmitting thefirst inductance frequency sample, the second inductance frequencysample, and the temperature reading to a receiver. Soil moisture contentcan be determined by the receiver by applying one or more algorithms asdisclosed herein.

In other embodiments, the microcontroller is configured to determinesoil moisture content. For example, the method can include an optionalstep 610 of receiving pulse counts for both the first inductancefrequency sample and the second inductance frequency sample. These pulsecounts can be determined by a counter in the microcontroller or by wayof one or more compensators that count pulses. As noted herein, thepulse count of the first inductance frequency sample is referred to as areference pulse count. The pulse count of the second inductancefrequency sample is referred to as a soil moisture pulse count.

calculating a differential value between the reference pulses and thesoil moisture pulses, the differential being indicative of the soilmoisture inductance

Next, the method includes a step 612 of calculating a differential valuebetween the reference pulses and the soil moisture pulses. Thedifferential is indicative of the soil moisture inductance.

In some embodiments, the method can include processing the soil moistureinductance using techniques such as linear interpolation and temperaturecompensation in order to refine the soil moisture inductance.

In various embodiments, the method includes a step 614 of selectivelyadjusting irrigation through automatic pump and/or valve actuators andtransducers. For example, when a soil moisture inductance is calculatedthat indicates that the area of soil has a moisture content that isbelow an expected moisture threshold, the microcontroller can beconfigured to transmit a signal that selectively adjust pumps and/orvalves of an irrigation system to increase and/or decrease the flow ofwater to an area of soil.

Thus, the microcontroller can be configured to use moisture thresholds.In other embodiments, the receiver utilizes moisture thresholds andperforms moisture content comparisons to these thresholds.

Thus, the microcontroller can selectively adjust operation of anirrigation system through direct or indirect control of automatic pumpand/or valve actuators and transducers.

As noted throughout, steps 610-614 can be alternatively performed by areceiver system, such as a server in an irrigation control system.

According to some embodiments, another example soil moisture sensor cancomprise a microcontroller, a single oscillator, and a single antenna.This device can be positioned inside a housing, such as the tubularhousings described above. Prior deploying the sensor in an area of soil,a calibration factor for the sensor can be determined by operating thesensor in a dry environment and secondly operating the sensor in a wetenvironment. For example, a first inductance sample can be obtained whenthe sensor is in a dry environment. Pluses are counted from the firstinductance sample. The device can then be submerged in water and asecond inductance sample obtained. Pluses are counted from the secondinductance sample. Next, a calibration factor is determined bycomparison of these two pulse counts in these controlled environments.The calibration factor is a differential value between the dry sampleand the wet sample in some instances. When the calibration factor isobtained, it can be stored on the microcontroller or on a server. To besure, this calibration factor is unique to each individual sensor andcan be determined by a manufacturer or an end user prior to deploymentin soil.

After the soil moisture sensor is deployed into an area of soil, afrequency inductance sample is obtained using the single oscillator andantenna. When a pulse count is determined from the frequency inductancesample, the pulse count is modified by application of the calibrationfactor to obtain a soil moisture content value. Additional compensationfor temperature changes can also be utilized to fine tune the soilmoisture content value.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure can utilize a plurality ofantennas as noted above. In some embodiments, these antennas can bepositioned around tubular substrate. Also, sensor units (comprised of atleast one antenna and one sensor circuit) can be arranged around thetubular substrate at radial offsets relative to one another. Each sensorunit can broadcast signal frequency into a discrete sector. For example,if four sensor units are deployed on the tubular substrate, each sensorunit can be clocked in its position in order to broadcast in a 90 degreeradial area. Each sensor unit will broadcast in its own a 90 degreeradial area with minimal overlap at the edges. In some embodiments, thesensor units can be separated by a dielectric to isolate their broadcastareas from that of other sensor units.

In one or more embodiments, the sensor circuit of a device of thepresent disclosure can be configured to obtain frequency samples at aplurality of frequencies. This can be advantageous in determining notonly moisture content, but also constituent particulate content presentin the soil moisture. For example, if water used to irrigate an area ofsoil becomes contaminated with salt, the sensing of the soil moisture atdifferent frequencies can be used to determine a salinity of the waterin the soil. By way of example, assume that salt moves at a frequency of10 megahertz, but salt does not move at 30 megahertz, but watermolecules will. When inductance is measured at both 10 megahertz and 30megahertz, these values can be used to calculate an approximate salinityor salt content in the water in the soil.

Thus, the technology described herein can be utilized not only tosensing moisture content in soil, but also for measuring particulatelevels in a fluid. For example, knowing inductance frequencies for salt,potassium, magnesium, lead, and other common water particulates, asensor of the present disclosure can be tuned to different frequenciesin order to obtain inductance samples at each frequency. Based on pulsescounted for each of the samples, it is possible to quantify a volumetricvalue of each of these particulates in a water sample.

In yet other embodiments, sensor circuits of the present disclosure canbe configured to vary voltage applied during inductance sampling inorder to sense moisture content in soil at given distances from a sensorcircuit or device. Using the devices disclosed herein, using lower tohigher voltage when obtaining inductance samples, the sensor circuit(s)can obtain soil moisture content values out to specific distances fromthe sensor circuits. For example, at a lowest voltage, the soil moisturecontent values are obtained outward from the sensor circuit to adiameter of four feet. When measured at a slightly higher voltage, thesoil moisture content values are obtained outward from the sensorcircuit to a second diameter of seven feet. When measured at a highestvoltage, the soil moisture content values are obtained outward from thesensor circuit to a third diameter of twelve feet. To be sure, these aremerely example distances. The exact voltages and distances measured area matter of sensor design and operational constraints.

According to some embodiments, a soil analysis device can be configuredto include a plurality of sensor elements. In some embodiments, the soilanalysis device can comprise a master element in combination with one ormore slave elements in a single probe. An element as disclosed hereincorrelates to a sensor circuit as described above. Generally, the soilanalysis device can include two types of sensor circuits/elements, (1) amaster element; and (2) one or more slave elements.

The master and/or slave elements are fully configured to obtain soilmoisture and/or temperature measurements disclosed above. The masterand/or slave elements can include any and all of the circuits and/orcomponents of the embodiments of FIGS. 1-6 disclosed above, in additionto the components and/or features disclosed below.

The master element can be arranged in vertical alignment with each ofthe one or more slave elements. The master element and slave elementsare communicatively and electrically coupled in a vertically orienteddaisy-chain arrangement in one embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 7 , anexample soil analysis device (device 700) comprises a master element 702and a plurality of slave elements 704A-704G. Example schematic diagramsfor the master element 702 are disclosed herein with respect to FIG. 10. Example schematic diagrams for a slave element, such as slave element704A, are disclosed herein with respect to FIG. 11 .

To be sure, the device 700 can have fewer or additional elementscompared to the device 700. These various elements can be housed in anenclosure 701. The enclosure 701 can be manufactured from a plastic orpolymer such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), or polycarbonate(PC), or the like that possesses better signal transmission propertiesthan poly-vinyl carbonate (PVC). Each of these plastics allow forpropagation of at least twice the signal at the same power level for thefrequencies used in the soil analysis devices disclosed herein.

It will be understood that the master element 702 and slave elements704A-704G can each include any of the sensor components of the soilmoisture device 100 described above for obtaining soil moisturereadings.

To be sure, PVC has an attenuation of approximately 30% for frequenciesat 100 MHz. All poly-materials have better electrical characteristics at100 MHz: it has about 1% near field attenuation, and hence—the signalsent out to the soil and returned from the soil is approximately twiceas strong: hence, the sampling region is increased for the same power,and the sampling power is reduced—as less time is needed to sample forthe same accuracy by a factor of two, reducing the power in halfrelative to using PVC as an enclosure.

In general, the master element 702 can comprise a communications element706 that allows the device 700 to participate in long or short-rangecommunications with an in-field access point or radio 708 using acommunications element 706. This could include a local area wirelessnetwork, a cellular network, or other similar communications protocols.In some embodiments, the communications element 706 can utilizeBlue-tooth Low Energy Radio, or a simple FSK (frequency-shift keying)radio in an ISM (Industrial, Science, Medical) band. In someembodiments, the in-field access point or radio 708 could be a repeaterthat relays data from a plurality of devices in a particulargeographical area to a service provider 710 (e.g. backend dataprocessing and storage service).

The master element 702 can utilize a primary battery cell, such as aLithium Thionyl Chloride 3.6 VDC battery that has very dense powercapacity and long shelf and use life. To be sure, other power sourcescan be utilized as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The master element 702 can also comprise a CPU 712 (central processingunit) that is configured to control the various components of the device700. Generally, the CPU 712 includes a processor and memory that storefirmware/hardware that can be executed by the processor to performmethods disclosed herein and control functions of device components. TheCPU 712 may include an individual selection number ROM 714 (hereinafterreferred to as an IDROM 714) and a serial EEPROM 716. The master elementcan assign and store unique values for each of the slave elements usingthe IDROM 714.

Moreover, the master element 702 and slave elements 704A-704G can eachinclude any of the elements of the soil moisture device 100 describedabove required to obtain soil moisture readings. For example, the masterelement can include oscillator/inductor circuits 713 that can becontrolled by the CPU 712. The oscillator/inductor circuits 713 caninclude any of the circuits disclosed above (such as the elementsillustrated in FIGS. 2-5 ) that are used to generate signals that aretransmitted by the antenna 719. That is, the oscillator/inductorcircuits 713 can emit either or both of a first inductance frequency anda second inductance frequency, as well as receive responsive signalsfrom the soil that can be interpreted by the CPU 712 or a serviceprovider.

The master element 702 can also comprise a temperature compensatedcrystal oscillator (TCXO 718), a temperature sensor 720, anelectro-conductivity sensor 722, and an analog bus 724, each of whichwill be discussed in greater detail herein. The TCXO 718 can function asa digital clocking element for the master element 702. The masterelement 702 can comprise an antenna 719 that emits signals into andreceives signal from an area of soil as disclosed in the embodimentsdescribed supra.

The temperature sensor 720 can be controlled to obtain soil temperaturemeasurements at discrete points in time. The temperature sensor 720 cancomprise a thermistor or other similar device. The electro-conductivitysensor 722 can be utilized to determine or infer fertilizer content bymeasuring electro-conductivity in a low-power manner. For example, theCPU 712 can implement a short sampling time (or other power reducingstrategy) for the electro-conductivity sensor 722 to enable measuringelectro-conductivity in a low power manner without requiring opposingpolarities on electrodes of the electro-conductivity sensor 722 toprevent ionization and loss of accuracy over time. Generally, the masterelement 702 is communicatively coupled with the slave element 704A. Eachof the plurality of slave elements 704A-704G are constructed identicallyto one another. For purposes of brevity and clarity, the construction ofslave element 704A is discussed. The slave element 704A comprises anupstream analog bus 726, a CPU 728, oscillator/inductor circuits 729, atemperature sensor 730, an antenna 731, and a downstream analog bus 732.

The oscillator/inductor circuits 729 can include any of the circuitsdisclosed above (such as the elements illustrated in FIGS. 2-5 ) thatare used to generate signals that are transmitted by the antenna 731.That is, the oscillator/inductor circuits 729 can emit either or both ofa first inductance frequency and a second inductance frequency, as wellas receive responsive signals from the soil that can be interpreted bythe CPU 728 or a service provider.

In general, the upstream analog bus 726 is communicatively coupled tothe analog bus 724 of the master element 702. The antenna 731 can beused for emitting signals into and receiving signals from the soil. Thedownstream analog bus 732 would be coupled to an upstream analog bus ofanother slave element connected below the slave element 704A, such asslave element 704B. The plurality of slave elements 704A-704G areconnected in series from top to bottom, with slave element 704A beingdirectly coupled to the master element 702. In some embodiments, theanalog bus disclosed herein are 1-bit analog, but other suitablesubstitutions can be made as desired. Thus, the device 700 is configuredfor 1-wire data communications to reduce circuit cost resulting from areduction in connector pins and lower power consumption overall.

The master element 702 can be configured to automatically determine howmany channels (e.g., slave elements) are present in the device 700, thedepth of each channel. The slave elements can be daisy-chained from abottom (e.g., lowest slave element) of the device 700 to a top (e.g.,master element 702) of the device 700 in a modular fashion. Thus,channels/slave elements can be added or subtracted in a plug-and-playmanner. Each slave element include the same firmware that can includeeither with hardware (dipswitches), or with firmware (EEPROM).

As noted above, the device 700 can couple with the service provider 710.The service provider 710 can process the data obtained from one or moredevices. For example, the service provider 710 can implement machinelearning to determine moisture levels to tune specific responses in thefield to the detected (inferred) soil type without requiring soil tests.For example, as irrigation occurs in the field, a wilting point and afield saturation point can be inferred from moisture levels. Thesedeterminations can be coupled with a percolation rate to infer a soiltype and tune the calibration of the device 700 for the specific site,installation, and specific soil type.

In one embodiment, the master element 702 can operate from the surfaceof the soil to a depth of approximately three inches. Slave element 704Ahas its antenna positioned to operate at a depth of nine inches. Slaveelement 704B has its antenna positioned to operate at a depth of fifteeninches. Slave element 704C has its antenna positioned to operate at adepth of 21 inches. Slave element 704D has its antenna positioned tooperate at a depth of twenty seven inches. Slave element 704E has itsantenna positioned to operate at a depth of thirty three inches. Slaveelement 704F has its antenna positioned to operate at a depth of thirtynine inches. Slave element 704G has its antenna positioned to operate ata depth of forty five inches. To be sure the antenna of each element maybe located approximately at the midline or centerpoint of the element.Based on the auto-discovery methods disclosed herein, the master elementcan be configured to obtain readings at specific depths in the soilbased on the known depth of each slave element and the recorded order ofthe slave elements and their unique identifiers. That is, the verticallocation of the slave elements in the stack is indicative of theirdepth.

The device 700, and specifically master element 702 can be configured toautomatically configure each of the slave elements and allow for datatransfer through the stack of elements (both master and slave(s)). Asnoted above the elements are connected over a bus (which could include atrace or wire). Each wire connecting two elements (either master/slaveor slave/slave) can be used for bidirectional communication. Forexample, the master element 702 can drive its output signals as anactive low signal rather than using high signals to reduce electricalcontention.

Initially, the CPU 712 of the master element 702 can wake up. The wakeup can be programmed into the CPU 712 or triggered from a wake up signalover the network or even from a handheld unit 734. For example, a usercould utilize the handheld unit 734 to wake the CPU 712 with a signal.The user can read information from the device 700 using the handheldunit 734. In some embodiments, the handheld unit 734 can communicateover a short-range, active or passive method such as NFC (near-fieldcommunications), Bluetooth, RF (radio frequency), and the like.

The master element 702 can output a 10 millisecond low pulse signal inorder to begin the process of channel synchronization. The slave element704A receives the signal and responds with a 20 millisecond pulse bydriving its output low. If the CPU 712 of the master element 702determines that the analog bus 724 has a low signal after the masterelement 702 stops outputting its signal, then the CPU 712 knows that ithas detected a slave downstream. The master element 702 can transmit aunique identifier (such as 1) to the slave element 704A. The slaveelement 704A can repeat this process to determine if another slaveelement is connected, such as slave element 704B. If another slaveelement is found, the master element 702 pushes down a unique identifierto the newly discovered element. This process can repeat until the lastslave element attempts to locate another downstream slave element and noresponse is received. When the last slave element is identified (by lackof a downstream response), then that slave element reports back upstreamthe last slave has been found, and each intermediate slave elementrepeats the message up to the master element.

Each slave element (as well as the master element) can perform thesignal emission and receipt process to obtain inductance frequencysamples that are used to determine soil moisture content. The slaveelements can also obtain temperature readings.

As data are obtained by each of the slave elements, the slave elementscan use a data process to send their data upstream to the masterelement. The protocol to pass data between two sub-systems can use adownward edge to start a timer, and then samples the line (analog bus)later to determine the value being transmitted. This process provides abit level means of transmitting data; and from that a synchronizationmeans to frame bytes. In some embodiments, the master element can pass acommand through the stack of slaves (or even addressed to a specificslave by its ID) to read moisture content and temperature. When themaster receives these data from one or more of the slave elements, themaster element can transmit the received data over the network or to thehandheld unit 734.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of an example method of the present disclosure.The method can include a step 800 of waking a master element of a soilanalysis device of the present disclosure. The method can include a step802 of outputting a signal or pulse to a first downstream slave elementconnected to the master element through a bus. Next, the method includesa step 804 of receiving a response signal or pulse from the firstdownstream slave element. In some embodiments, the response signaldiffers from the signal output by the master element. As noted above,the response pulse can have a period (20 ms) that is double that of theperiod (10 ms) of the pulse received from the master element.

When the response signal is received, the method includes a step 806 oftransmitting a unique identifier downstream to the first downstreamslave element. The first downstream slave element can be addressed usingthis unique identifier. The unique identifier can be generated and/orstored using an IDROM disclosed above.

The method can include a step 808 of outputting, by the first downstreamslave element, a signal to a second downstream slave element (ifpresent) connected to the first slave element through a bus. The methodincludes a step 810 of determining if the first downstream slave elementreceives a response from the second downstream slave element. If aresponse is received, the method can include a step 812 of the masterelement transmitting a unique identifier down through the firstdownstream slave element to the second downstream slave element. Thisprocess can be repeated for as many slave elements are present in thestack. When the last downstream slave element does not receive aresponse to a signal transmitted downstream, the method can include astep 814 of receiving a signal from the last downstream slave elementthat no additional downstream slave elements have been found.

In some embodiments, the method can include a step 816 of transmitting,by the master element, a command to any of the downstream slave elementsthat cause the downstream slave element to obtain moisture and/ortemperature readings. The command can include the unique identifier(s)for the downstream slave element(s) that are to obtain readings. Theslave elements can report their data up through the stack to the masterelement.

In one embodiment, the master element can transmit the data obtainedfrom the one or more slave elements to a receiver, such as a serviceprovider or handheld unit. In some instances, the data are transmittedby the master element to a repeater or field unit for relay to a networksuch as a cellular communications network.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example antenna 900 that can be utilized in any ofthe master or slave elements disclosed above. In some embodiments, theantenna 900 is a single sided configuration on a dielectric substrate902 such as capstan (e.g., flex circuit). To be sure, a single sidedantenna has better performance and its performance does not change astemperature changes. That is, as the dielectric substrate 902 (capstan)changes size with temperature but the separation of the trace patterns904 on the antenna does not change (as they are all printed on oneside). This configuration provides 10X improved performance overtemperature. Prior to this change, temperature change may cause theoscillator to change with nearly the same magnitude (in an oppositedirection) that an irrigation event would cause (i.e., temperaturegetting colder at night would increase the frequency; moistureincreasing would decrease the frequency)—the magnitude of the increase(for temperature) was about the same as the magnitude of the decrease(for moisture). In this example, there are four trace patterns on thedielectric substrate 902 but fewer or more can be present.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an example master element 1000 (suchas the master element 702 of FIG. 7 ). The master element 1000 caninclude a low noise oscillator power element 1002, an oscillator 1004, aSchmitt trigger 1006, as well as a pi filter 1008, a thermistor 1010,and a processor 1012. The low noise oscillator power 1002 can provide aregulated amount of power to the oscillator 1004. The oscillator 1004can be electrically coupled to an antenna through an antenna connector1014. The antenna coupled to the master element 1000 through theoscillator 1004 can include, for example, the antenna 900 of FIG. 9 .

In some embodiments, the oscillator 1004 can include a temperaturecontrolled crystal oscillator (TXCO) that provides improved accuracy dueto any combination of improved reference frequency, better layout, andthe use of an antenna without a stub or tail section, as well as a moreaccurate voltage reference for the oscillator 1004. In contrast with theembodiments of FIGS. 1-6 , the master element 1000 does not include acomparator; the oscillator frequency is digitized by a Schmitt trigger.

In operation, the processor 1012 can activate the oscillator 1004 togenerate a signal that operates as a clock. The signal is propagated outinto the soil surrounding the master element 1000 out to a specifieddistance using an antenna. The oscillator 1004 can operate at 100 MHz anproduces a signal that can be sampled as a sin wave to produce adigitized signal using the Schmitt trigger 1006. That is, the Schmitttrigger 1006 digitizes the clock signal of the oscillator 1004. Broadly,the digitized oscillating frequency is directly representative of themoisture in the soil. These digitized signals can be interpreted by theprocessor 1012 as a moisture level

In some embodiments, the pi filter 1008 is used to filter noise. Thethermistor 1010 can utilize the voltage through oscillator to calculatea temperature value of the soil surrounding the master element 1000. Theprocessor 1012 can convert the signals generated by the thermistor 1010to temperature values using a lookup table (or other similar method).

To be sure, the temperature measurements obtained using the thermistor1010 can be used in combination with the digitized oscillator signals todetermine when the soil has been recently watered. To be sure, wateringof the soil may result in a temperature drop of the soil depending onthe temperature of the water used to irrigate the soil.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an example slave element 1100. Incontrast with the master element of FIG. 10 , the slave element 1100 caninclude a low noise oscillator power element 1102, an oscillator, aSchmitt trigger, as well as a pi filter 1108. The slave element 1100does not require a dedicated processor or a thermistor element. Thecomponents of the slave element 1100 provide the same functions asdescribed above with respect to the master element 1000. Any number ofslave elements can be arranged in series below a master element.

Each slave element can be configured to obtain soil sample signals asdisclosed above. A master element can automatically detect and assign anumber/address to each slave element in the array. Because the slaveelements are of a known size, the master can know what depth eachelement is in the soil.

The master element can activate any of the slave elements to obtain soilmoisture measurements. As a slave element receives signals from thesoil, these signals can be buffered and transmitted up to the master.For example, if two slave elements are present, the lowermost slaveelement can buffer and transmit its soil signals up to the slave elementabove. The first slave element can then buffer the signals from thelowermost slave element and transmit these signals up to the masterelement. The first slave element can also buffer and transmit itssignals upward to the master element.

As noted above, the element arrays disclosed herein can be connected ina modular fashion. FIGS. 12 and 13 collectively illustrate conductivemechanical interfaces between two elements in an array 1200. Theseconductive mechanical interfaces can be disposed on the ends of masteror slave elements. In one example, a first element 1202 has a series ofconductive mechanical interfaces 1204 disposed on a terminal end.

Each of the conductive mechanical interfaces 1204 includes insulators,such as an insulator 1206 that surrounds a conductor 1208. The conductor1208 spans and electrically couples a first PCB 1210 of the firstelement 1202 with a second PCB 1212 of the second element 1203.

A housing 1216 of the first element 1202 includes a mechanical latch orother securement element 1218 that cooperates with a catch 1220fabricated into a housing 1222 of the second element 1203. Anothersimilar latch and catch arrangement can be used on an opposing side ofthe array, but with the latch being associated with the second elementand the catch being associated with the first element. When the firstelement 1202 and the second element 1203 are connected together, theconductive mechanical interfaces mate, as well as the latches andcatches. The conductive mechanical interfaces create an electricalcoupling between the two elements and the latches/catches create amechanical/physical connection between the housings of the two elements.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present technology has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the present technology in the form disclosed. Manymodifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the presenttechnology. Exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order tobest explain the principles of the present technology and its practicalapplication, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art tounderstand the present technology for various embodiments with variousmodifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

Aspects of the present technology are described above with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of thepresent technology. It will be understood that each block of theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations ofblocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can beimplemented by computer program instructions. These computer programinstructions may be provided to a processor of a general purposecomputer, special purpose computer, or other programmable dataprocessing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions,which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmabledata processing apparatus, create means for implementing thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

In the following description, for purposes of explanation and notlimitation, specific details are set forth, such as particularembodiments, procedures, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent toone skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced inother embodiments that depart from these specific details.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic described in connection with the embodiment is includedin at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, theappearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” or“according to one embodiment” (or other phrases having similar import)at various places throughout this specification are not necessarily allreferring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features,structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner inone or more embodiments. Furthermore, depending on the context ofdiscussion herein, a singular term may include its plural forms and aplural term may include its singular form. Similarly, a hyphenated term(e.g., “on-demand”) may be occasionally interchangeably used with itsnon-hyphenated version (e.g., “on demand”), a capitalized entry (e.g.,“Software”) may be interchangeably used with its non-capitalized version(e.g., “software”), a plural term may be indicated with or without anapostrophe (e.g., PE's or PEs), and an italicized term (e.g., “N+1”) maybe interchangeably used with its non-italicized version (e.g., “N+1”).Such occasional interchangeable uses shall not be consideredinconsistent with each other.

Also, some embodiments may be described in terms of “means for”performing a task or set of tasks. It will be understood that a “meansfor” may be expressed herein in terms of a structure, such as aprocessor, a memory, an I/O device such as a camera, or combinationsthereof. Alternatively, the “means for” may include an algorithm that isdescriptive of a function or method step, while in yet other embodimentsthe “means for” is expressed in terms of a mathematical formula, prose,or as a flow chart or signal diagram.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

It is noted at the outset that the terms “coupled,” “connected”,“connecting,” “electrically connected,” etc., are used interchangeablyherein to generally refer to the condition of beingelectrically/electronically connected. Similarly, a first entity isconsidered to be in “communication” with a second entity (or entities)when the first entity electrically sends and/or receives (whetherthrough wireline or wireless means) information signals (whethercontaining data information or non-data/control information) to thesecond entity regardless of the type (analog or digital) of thosesignals. It is further noted that various figures (including componentdiagrams) shown and discussed herein are for illustrative purpose only,and are not drawn to scale.

If any disclosures are incorporated herein by reference and suchincorporated disclosures conflict in part and/or in whole with thepresent disclosure, then to the extent of conflict, and/or broaderdisclosure, and/or broader definition of terms, the present disclosurecontrols. If such incorporated disclosures conflict in part and/or inwhole with one another, then to the extent of conflict, the later-dateddisclosure controls.

The terminology used herein can imply direct or indirect, full orpartial, temporary or permanent, immediate or delayed, synchronous orasynchronous, action or inaction. For example, when an element isreferred to as being “on,” “connected” or “coupled” to another element,then the element can be directly on, connected or coupled to the otherelement and/or intervening elements may be present, including indirectand/or direct variants. In contrast, when an element is referred to asbeing “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element,there are no intervening elements present.

Although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describevarious elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, theseelements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should notnecessarily be limited by such terms. These terms are only used todistinguish one element, component, region, layer or section fromanother element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a firstelement, component, region, layer or section discussed below could betermed a second element, component, region, layer or section withoutdeparting from the teachings of the present disclosure.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be necessarily limiting of thedisclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” areintended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearlyindicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “includes” and/or“comprising,” “including” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein withreference to illustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediatestructures) of the present disclosure. As such, variations from theshapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturingtechniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, the exampleembodiments of the present disclosure should not be construed asnecessarily limited to the particular shapes of regions illustratedherein, but are to include deviations in shapes that result, forexample, from manufacturing.

Any and/or all elements, as disclosed herein, can be formed from a same,structurally continuous piece, such as being unitary, and/or beseparately manufactured and/or connected, such as being an assemblyand/or modules. Any and/or all elements, as disclosed herein, can bemanufactured via any manufacturing processes, whether additivemanufacturing, subtractive manufacturing and/or other any other types ofmanufacturing. For example, some manufacturing processes include threedimensional (3D) printing, laser cutting, computer numerical control(CNC) routing, milling, pressing, stamping, vacuum forming,hydroforming, injection molding, lithography and/or others.

Any and/or all elements, as disclosed herein, can include, whetherpartially and/or fully, a solid, including a metal, a mineral, aceramic, an amorphous solid, such as glass, a glass ceramic, an organicsolid, such as wood and/or a polymer, such as rubber, a compositematerial, a semiconductor, a nano-material, a biomaterial and/or anycombinations thereof. Any and/or all elements, as disclosed herein, caninclude, whether partially and/or fully, a coating, including aninformational coating, such as ink, an adhesive coating, a melt-adhesivecoating, such as vacuum seal and/or heat seal, a release coating, suchas tape liner, a low surface energy coating, an optical coating, such asfor tint, color, hue, saturation, tone, shade, transparency,translucency, non-transparency, luminescence, anti-reflection and/orholographic, a photo-sensitive coating, an electronic and/or thermalproperty coating, such as for passivity, insulation, resistance orconduction, a magnetic coating, a water-resistant and/or waterproofcoating, a scent coating and/or any combinations thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Theterms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should beinterpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning inthe context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in anidealized and/or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

Furthermore, relative terms such as “below,” “lower,” “above,” and“upper” may be used herein to describe one element's relationship toanother element as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Suchrelative terms are intended to encompass different orientations ofillustrated technologies in addition to the orientation depicted in theaccompanying drawings. For example, if a device in the accompanyingdrawings is turned over, then the elements described as being on the“lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sidesof the other elements. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures isturned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elementswould then be oriented “above” the other elements. Therefore, theexample terms “below” and “lower” can, therefore, encompass both anorientation of above and below.

While various embodiments have been described above, it should beunderstood that they have been presented by way of example only, and notlimitation. The descriptions are not intended to limit the scope of theinvention to the particular forms set forth herein. To the contrary, thepresent descriptions are intended to cover such alternatives,modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit andscope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and otherwiseappreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the breadth andscope of a preferred embodiment should not be limited by any of theabove-described exemplary embodiments.

What is claimed is:
 1. A device, comprising: a master element having: afirst oscillator circuit for emitting a first inductance frequency and asecond inductance frequency, the first oscillator circuit being coupledto a first antenna; a CPU (central processing unit) coupled to the firstoscillator circuit; and an analog bus; and a first slave element having:a second oscillator circuit for emitting a first inductance frequencyand a second inductance frequency, the second oscillator being coupledto a second antenna; a CPU (central processing unit) coupled to thesecond oscillator circuit; an upstream analog bus coupled to the analogbus of the master element; and a downstream analog bus configured tocouple with another downstream slave element.
 2. The device according toclaim 1, wherein the master element further comprises a temperaturesensor.
 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the master elementfurther comprises an electro-conductivity sensor that obtainselectro-conductivity measurements of soil that are used to determine orinfer fertilizer content in the soil.
 4. The device according to claim1, wherein the CPU of the master element and the CPU of the slaveelement are each configured to: obtain a first inductance frequencysample; obtain a second inductance frequency sample; obtain atemperature reading from a temperature sensor; and transmit the firstinductance frequency sample, the second inductance frequency sample, andthe temperature reading to a service provider.
 5. The device accordingto claim 1, wherein the CPU of the master element is configured to: wakeup based on a received wake up signal; and output a first pulse to thefirst slave element to determine when the first slave element ispresent.
 6. The device according to claim 5, wherein the CPU of themaster element is configured to receive a response pulse from the firstslave element, wherein the response pulse has a period that is longerthan a period of the first pulse.
 7. The device according to claim 6,wherein the CPU of the master element is configured to transmit a uniqueidentifier to the first slave element after receiving the responsepulse.
 8. The device according to claim 7, wherein the CPU of the masterelement is configured to receive a signal from a last downstream slaveelement that indicates that no other downstream slave elements have beendetected.
 9. The device according to claim 7, wherein the CPU of themaster element is configured to address a command to the first slaveelement, the command having the unique identifier for the first slaveelement and instructions to obtain a soil moisture reading.
 10. Thedevice according to claim 1, wherein the master element is stackedvertically on top of the first slave element.
 11. The device accordingto claim 1, wherein the device is buried in an area of soil.
 12. Amethod, comprising: waking a master element of a soil analysis device;outputting a first signal or pulse to a first downstream slave elementconnected to the master element through an analog bus; receiving aresponse signal or pulse from the first downstream slave element;transmitting a unique identifier downstream to the first downstreamslave element; outputting, by the first downstream slave element, asecond signal or pulse to a second downstream slave element connected tothe first downstream slave element through a downstream analog bus;receiving a response signal or pulse from the second downstream slaveelement; transmitting a unique identifier downstream to the seconddownstream slave element; transmitting, by the master element, a commandto either of the first downstream slave element or the second downstreamslave element; and receiving a moisture signal and a temperature signalfrom either of the first downstream slave element or the seconddownstream slave element based on the command.
 13. The method accordingto claim 12, further comprising receiving a signal from a lastdownstream slave element that no additional downstream slave elementshave been found, wherein the signal is transmitted upstream to themaster element.
 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein theresponse signal has a period that is longer than a period of the firstsignal.
 15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising:obtaining electro-conductivity measurements of soil; and transmittingthe electro-conductivity measurements to a service provider over anetwork.
 16. The method according to claim 12, further comprisingdetermining or inferring fertilizer content in the soil using machinelearning by a service provider.
 17. The method according to claim 12,further comprising: obtaining a first inductance frequency sample;obtaining a second inductance frequency sample; obtaining a temperaturereading from a temperature sensor; and transmitting the first inductancefrequency sample, the second inductance frequency sample, and thetemperature reading to a service provider.
 18. The method according toclaim 17, wherein the first inductance frequency sample, the secondinductance frequency sample, and the temperature reading are obtainedfrom each of the master element, the first downstream slave element, andthe second downstream slave element.
 19. The method according to claim12, further comprising burying the soil analysis device below ground.20. The method according to claim 12, wherein the pulse has a periodthat is longer than a period of the first pulse.